1 Best Engineering in Portugal for 2024

Materials are the building blocks of the modern global economy and are instrumental for the transition to a green, circular economy that emits less CO2. Thirty of these materials have been defined by the EU as critical, meaning that they are both highly important to the EU economy and in dangerously low supply. Accessing the known primary raw material sources has become more challenging, while amounts of industrial waste and end-of-life products are rapidly increasing. These waste streams contain secondary raw materials, many of which are critical and can be recovered, diversifying supply and delivering usable materials to meet increasing demands.